Dfind the missing properties and give the phase

Agonist and partial agonist medications are commonly utilized for both maintenance and detoxification purposes alpha-2-adrenergic agonist medications are primarily used to enhance detoxification outcomes. Most opioid dependent individuals engage in both, likely multiple times, during the course of their drug-using careers. While these rates are low relative to other substances of abuse, such as alcohol and marijuana, the burden of disease is substantial, with high rates of morbidity and mortality, disease transmission, increased health care, crime and law enforcement costs, and less tangible costs of family distress and lost productivity 2.Д¬linically, there are two general treatment paths from which to choose, opioid maintenance treatment or detoxification.

Prevalence of non-medical use of opioid pain relievers has increased significantly, with over 2 million people in the U.S. In other countries prevalence rates are higher, e.g., 2% of the population in South East and South West Asia are heroin dependent. OPIOID DEPENDENCE TREATMENT: OPTIONS IN PHARMACOTHERAPYДЄnnual prevalence estimates of heroin dependence in the USA remain stable at about 0.14%, although some recent indicators suggest a decrease 1. Studies of sustained-release formulations of naltrexone suggest improved effectiveness for retention and sustained abstinence, however, randomized clinical trials are needed.ДЎ. Buprenorphine appears superior to alpha-2 agonists, however, and office-based treatment with buprenorphine in the US is gaining support. BuprenorphineвЂ™s effectiveness relative to methadone remains a controversy and may be most appropriate for patients in need of low doses of agonist treatment. Detoxification protocols have limited long term efficacy and patient discomfort remains a significant therapy challenge. Agonist maintenance therapy is currently the recommended treatment for opioid dependence due to its superior outcomes relative to detoxification. Pharmacotherapies for opioid addiction include opioid agonists, partial agonists, opioid antagonists, and alpha-2-adrenergic agonists, which are targeted toward either detoxification or long-term agonist maintenance.

The development of effective treatments for opioid dependence is of great importance given the devastating consequences of the disease.

Dfind the missing properties and give the phase